Yustia Rahmawati (09301244005)

P.Mat.Swa 09 (Kelas C)

FILSAFAT KEHIDUPAN

Hidup didefinisikan sebagai keadaan. Keadaan itu kaitannya dengan potensi dan fakta. Potensi yang ada dalam kehidupan dan fakta merupakan keadaan yang ada dalam hidup ini. Dalam hidup ini fakta dapat berbeda beda dalam filsafat. Namun terkadang apa yang didefinisikan juga tidak dilaksanakan secara gamblang. Misal utang motor dibayar dengan motor, namun pada kenyataanya ketika orang kredit motor tentu saja dibayar dengan uang.

Semua yang ada dalam kehidupan punya tata cara tersendiri, punya peraturan sendiri, agar duduk persoalnya jelas. Karena jika semua punya aturan maka hidup akan terarah. Namun terkadang banyak orang mengabaikan hal itu, mengabaikan tata cara yang ada, hingga hidup nampak tak punya aturan, terlihat berantakan, carut marut, dan kurang terarah. Mentaati tata cara butuh kesadaran diri, kesadaran untuk selalu taat peraturan. Seperti Negara kita yang punya tata cara, seperti pancasila yang punya adab, yaitu di sila ke-2 yaitu Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Setiap manusia sebenarnya bisa menciptakan tata cara sendiri dalam kehidupannya, misalnya ketika kita mengajar, pasti kita juga punya aturan tersendiri untuk murid kita, agar murid kita menjadi terarah dan sesuai apa yang kita inginkan.

Dalam filsafat juga ada kontradiksi, yaitu ketidaksesuaian dengan fakta. Kadang orang hanya ingin sesuatu yang baik tanpa melihat proses. Tiba-tiba ada tanpa tahu apa yang prosesnya benar atau tidak.

Baik buruknya keadaan seseorang adalah ketika dalam keadaan seimbang, seperti kata orang jawa bahwa bibit, bobot, bebet sangat penting. Keseimbangan mewujudkan hal baik dalam kehidupan , namun untuk mencapai keseimbangan juga bukan hal mudah. Tidak semua yang ada dalam diri manusia itu seimbang.

Tahukah anda bahwa hidup kita terlalu singkat untuk disia-siakan , hidup terus berjalan, hidup itu regenerasi seperti tumbunya jamur diatas pohon, yang hanya tumbuh ketika musim hujan dan akan mati ketika musim kemarau datang.  Miliki filsafat hidup yang benar, yaitu, selalu bahagia. Bila pikiran terkendali dengan benar dan melihat segala sesuatunya dari sudut positif maka semua akan nampak lebih baik. Namun bukan perkara yang mudah untuk menjadikan sesuatu dalam keaadan positif. Pemikiran yang positif tidak dapat dengan mudah datang, karena pemikiran yang positif datang dari hati yang jernih.

Hidup itu punya adab, ini merupakan persoalan yang besar. Seperti kita yang berumur 21 banyak hal yang masih menjadi potensi buakn fakta. Misal kita menjangajar ketika PPL, ini juga bukan merupakan fakta namun masih potensi karena kita masih dalam taraf belajar dan belum mendapatkan SK guru. Sebagian yang kita miliki juga masih potensi karena sebagian besar yang kita miliki masih punya orang tua kita. Untuk itu jika potensi kita ingin kita jadikan sebagai fakta maka kita juga harus bersungguh-sungguh dalam kehidupan kita.

Pertanyaan :

Untuk berfilsafat kita harus dekat dengan pola pokir, nah bagaimana membentuk pola pikir yang baik dan positif ? Karena menurut saya membentuk pola pikir yang baik dan positif itu bukan hal yang mudah.  

Scientific Publication to Develop Teaching Material of Teaching Learning Process

Introduction

In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research.  The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record. So , how to make a good scientific publication to develop teaching material of teaching learning process ?

Content

            To make scientific publication need the necessary  references / theories and the fact / data. Reference data can be obtained from books, scientific paper, and joaurnals. The things thah need to be taken for reference is the ideology, psycology, paradidm, theories, notions, and rules. to obtain the data we need to do observation /collection (classroom). things that need to be observed is the meaning, activities, procedures, context, relationship, and pattern.

           

The nature of the content

A scientific article has a standardized structure, which varies only slightly in different subjects. Ultimately, it is not the format that is important, but what lies behind it - the content. However, several key formatting requirements need to be met:

1. The title should be concise and indicate the contents of the article.
2. The names and affiliation of all authors are given. In the wake of some scientific misconduct cases, publishers often require that all co-authors know and agree on the content of the article.^[3]
3. The first part is normally an abstract; this is a one-paragraph summary of the work, and is intended to serve as a guide for determining if the articles is pertinent, and to furnish subject metadata for indexing services.
4. The format should be archival, in the sense that libraries should be able to store and catalogue the documents and scientists years later should be able to recover any document in order to study and assess it, and there should be an established way of citing the document so that formal reference can be made to them in future scientific publication. The lack of an established archival system is one of the hurdles that World Wide Web based scientific publication has had to overcome. Reliable repositories such as arXiv or PubMed Centralhave been instituted, and progress is now being made on their interoperability and permanence.
5. The content should be presented in the context of previous scientific investigations, by citation of relevant documents in the existing literature, usually in a section called an "Introduction".
6. Empirical techniques, laid out in a section usually called "Materials and Methods", should be described in such a way that a subsequent scientist, with appropriate knowledge of and experience in the relevant field, should be able to repeat the observations and know whether he or she has obtained the same result. This naturally varies between subjects, and obviously does not apply to mathematics and related subjects.
7. Similarly, the results of the investigation, in a section usually called "Results", data should be presented in tabular or graphic form (image, chart, schematic, diagram or drawing). These figures should be accompanied by a caption and referenced in the text of the article.
8. Interpretation of the meaning of the results is usually addressed in a "Discussion" or "Conclusion" section. The conclusions drawn should be based on previous literature and/or new empirical results, in such a way that any reader with knowledge of the field can follow the argument and confirm that the conclusions are sound. That is, acceptance of the conclusions must not depend on personal authority, rhetorical skill, or faith.
9. Finally, a "References" or "Literature Cited" section lists the sources cited by the authors in the format required by the journal.

The thing that need to be paid attention in school observe is case study, classroom activities research, lesson study, research and development. Developing the instrument start from references, map of concept, criteria, instrument, and collection of item.

Data analiysis is theories on / how to analysis qualitative data. Need a catagory. And then publish the report as a scientific problem. To make a scientific publication we must know about MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psycology Association).

The Modern Language Association of America (referred to as the Modern Language Association or MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature. The organization includes 30,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices located in New York City, the MLA's membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.

The MLA was founded in 1883, as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages (that is, all but classical languages, such as ancient Latin and Greek).^[1] According to its profile featured by the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), "The Modern Language Association is formed for educational, scientific, literary, and social objects and purposes, and more specifically for the promotion of the academic and scientific study of English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and other so-called modern languages and literatures. The MLA publishes several academic journals, including Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (abbreviated as PMLA), one of the most prestigious journals in literary studies, and Profession, which discusses the professional issues faced by teachers of language and literature. The Association also publishes the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, a guide that is geared toward high school and undergraduate students and has sold more than 6,500,000 copies. The MLA Style Manual is geared toward graduate students, scholars, and professional writers, and the third edition of this guide was published in May 2008. The MLA produces the print and online database, MLA International Bibliography, the standard bibliography in language and literature.

The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States. It is the world's largest association of psychologists with around 154,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. The APA has an annual budget of around $115m. The American Psychological Association is occasionally confused with the American Psychiatric Association, which also uses the acronym APA.

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is a set of rules developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences. Designed to ensure clarity of communication, the rules are designed to "move the idea forward with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association contains the rules for every aspect of writing, especially in the social sciences from determining authorship to constructing a table to avoiding plagiarism and constructing accurate reference citations.

APA maintains an abstract database named PsycINFO. It contains citations and summaries dating from the 19th century, including journal articles, book chapters, books, technical reports, and dissertations within the field of psychology. As of January 2010, PsycINFO has collected information from 2,457 journals.^[13] Similar databases operated by other organizations include PsycLit and Psychological Abstracts.

APA Internship Crisis for Graduate Students

The APA is the main accrediting body for U.S. clinical and counseling psychology doctoral training programs and internship sites (http://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/about/about-accreditation.aspx). APA-accredited Clinical Psychology PhD and PsyD programs typically require students to complete a one-year clinical internship in order to graduate (or a two year part-time internship). However, there is currently an "internship crisis" as defined by the American Psychological Association, in that approximately 25% of clinical psychology doctoral students do not match for internship each year. This crisis has led many students (approximately 1,000 each year) to re-apply for internship, thus delaying graduation, or to complete an unaccredited internship, and often has many emotional and financial consequences. Students who do not complete an APA accredited internships in the U.S. are barred from certain employment settings, including VA Hospitals, the military, and cannot get licensed in some states, such as Utah and Mississippi. Additionally, some post-doctoral fellowships and other employment settings require or prefer an APA Accredited internship. The APA has been criticized for not addressing this crisis adequately and many psychologists and graduate students have petitioned for the APA to take action by regulating graduate training programs. Many graduate students attend APA accredited programs, yet are unable to secure APA accredited internships possibly leading to financial and employment hardships.

Conclusion

To make scientific publication need the necessary  references / theories and the fact / data. Reference data can be obtained from books, scientific paper, and joaurnals. The things thah need to be taken for reference is the ideology, psycology, paradidm, theories, notions, and rules. to obtain the data we need to do observation /collection (classroom). things that need to be observed is the meaning, activities, procedures, context, relationship, and pattern.

The thing that need to be paid attention in school observe is case study, classroom activities research, lesson study, research and development. Developing the instrument start from references, map of concept, criteria, instrument, and collection of item.

Data analiysis is theories on / how to analysis qualitative data. Need a catagory. And then publish the report as a scientific problem. To make a scientific publication we must know about MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psycology Association).

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association

LESSON PLAN

Major/Faculty                         : Mathematics Education / Mathematics and Science

School Unit                               : SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Klaten Tengah

Program / Vocational             : Health / Nursery

Subject                                      : Mathematics

Class / Semester                     : X / 1

Time Allocation                       : 15 minutes

Standard of Competence         : 1.       Solving problems related to the concept of real numbers operation.

Basic Competence                     : 1.2.     Applying the operation on exponential

Indicators                                      : 3.1.1.    Mention the properties of the exponential of positive integers.

                                                   3.1.2.  Simplify the forms of numbers in the exponential of  positive integers.

                                 

I.          The Purpose of Learning

a.       Students are able to mention the properties of the exponential of positive integers.

b.      Students are able to  Simplify the forms of numbers in the exponential of  positive integers.

II.            Topic

Definition of Exponential

Exponential is multiplication repeated with the number itself.

Example :

·         4⁷ = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4

·         (-3)⁴ = (-3) × (-3) × (-3) × (-3)

·         =  

·          =      

Definition : aⁿ = a × a × a × . . . × a

 

                   Its repeated until n factor

with,

a are called as cardinal number

n are called as exsponent

aⁿ are called as exponential

Look this example !

^·          (-4)³  this is an example of positive exponential because the exponent is positive.

^·          3^-4  this is not an example of positive exponential because the exponent is negative.

The properties of exponential operations.

1.      Integer with positive exponent.

For a  R, m, and n is integer, so we can apply the following properties :

a.       Look this example :

1.      3² × 3⁵ = (3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3)

= 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3

= 3⁷

2.      4⁴ × 4² = (4 × 4 × 4 × 4) × (4 × 4)

= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4

= 4⁶

From two example above, so :

a^m × aⁿ = (a × a × a × . . . × a) × (a × a × a × a  . . . × a)

    Its repeated until m factor   Its repeated until n factor

= a^m+n

So we can get the properties  :  a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n

After we konw about the properties of exponential a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n  , now try to simplify the following exponential !

1.      6⁵  6³ = . . .

2.         = . . .

3.       2⁸ = . . .

4.      9  27 = . . .

III.          Teacing Method

a.       Expository

IV.          Learning Scenario

No	Teacher activity	Students activity	Time Allocation
A.     Opening
1.	The teacher greet the students (good morning students, assalamualaikum wr.wb) and ask students to pray. The teacher checking on school attendance with ask to the students “who’s the absent today ?” . The teacher look into the students, with observe whether the students prepare their school equipment or not.	Students answer the greeting (good morning mom, wassalamualaikum wr.wb) and then praying. The students answer “none mom”. The students already prepare their school equipment.	2 minutes
2.	The teacher explain that today we will study about  “The properties of  Integer with Positive Exponent ” and write that topic on the whiteboard.	The students listened what teacher’s said and they write the topic “The properties of  Integer with Positive Exponent ” on their own book.	0,5  minutes
3.	The teacher gives apperception about topic who will learn today. Remember about real number system (especially integer) and operates two or more integer. Teacher gives motivation to student about problem related to the properties  of  integer with positive exponent in daily life  .	The student pays attention to what is learning submit.	1,5 minutes
B.     Main Activity
1.	Start the lesson, teacher writes down example of  integer with positive exponent. 47 = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 (-3)4 = (-3) × (-3) × (-3) × (-3) Then the teacher writes down 2 example of again and asks 2 student to formulate it and writes down it is whiteboard. = . . .  = . . .	Student pays attention to example given by teacher, then student asked by advance to the fore soon writes down its the formulation is whiteboard.	2 minutes
2.	Teacher invites student to define meaning from exponential, that is : Exponential is multiplication repeated with the number itself. Or we can write, Definition : an = a × a × a × . . . × a                  Its repeated until n faktor with, a are called as cardinal number n are called as exsponent an are called as exponential	Student can define meaning from exponential with their own language.	1 minutes
3.	The teacher gives two examples. ·          (-4)3  this is an example of positive exponential because the exponent is positive. ·          3-4  this is not an example of positive exponential because the exponent is negative. Then the teacher explain that today we will study about  the properties of  integer with positive exponent .	Student pays attention to example and explanation from the teacher.	1 minutes
4.	Teacher writes down 2 the problem of multiplication of  integer with positive exponent  in the whiteboard. 1.      32 × 35 = . . . 2.      44 × 42 = . . . Teacher invites student to elaborate example of the problem together and explains how to make simplify the problems.	The students make a note what teacher’s write on the whiteboard. Student elaborates example together with the teacher.	2 minutes
5.	Teacher writes down formula from both examples and challanges student to conclude first at  integer with positive exponent .   am × an = (a × a × a × . . . × a) ×            Its repeated until m faktor                  (a × a × a × a  . . . × a)    = . . .             Its repeated until n faktor Teacher enquired " was properties mentioned by one of the student have been correct or had not ?".	There is student giving conclusion from formulation given teacher that is am+n. The teacher said “correct”.	2 minutes
6.	The teacher gives 4 question and the students must finised that question with   properties of exponential  am × an = am+n . 1.      65  63 = . . . 2.         = . . . 3.       28 = . . . 4.      9  27 = . . . Student asked to do 1 problem beforehand and completed does the problem, asked to write down result of their work front of class.	The students make a note and do that exercise in their own book. There is student is going forward to the fore class to write down result of their work.	1 minutes
C.      Closing
1.	Teacher said about   the properties of  Integer with positive exponent  which have been studied today . Teacher asks student to did 3 problem which had not have time to be done the  (as homework) and will be discussed in next meeting . Teacher also informs that next meeting will study the properties other exponential.	Student pays attention to what is learning submit. Student pays attention to what is learning instruct.	1 minutes
2.	Teacher closes Iesson by inviting student to pray together. After praying teacher to terminate Iesson by saying greeting at student. The teacher greet the students : “assalamualaikum wr.wb., good morning students”	Student prays together and answers greeting from teacher. Students answer the greeting : “wassalamualaikum wr.wb., good morning mom”	1 minutes

V.          Medias and Sources

a.       Medias                                     :  Markres and whiteboard.

b.      Sources                       : Heryadi, Dedi. 2007. Matematika untuk SMK kelas X (Teknologi, Kesehatan, dan Pertanian). Jakarta: Yudistira.

VI.          Assessment

A.      Assessment Technique          : Written test

B.      Form Of Instrument               : Eassy

C.      Instrument of Assessment

a.       Cognitve

Simplify the following exponential !

1.      6⁵  6³ = . . .

2.         = . . .

3.       2⁸ = . . .

4.      9  27 = . . .

b.      Affektive

No	Student	Aspect assessed
		participation			appreciate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Explanation :

1.      Participation

1                      =  Less                        (doesn’t give an idea)

2                      =  Medium       ( sometimes give an idea)

3                      =  Good           (often give an ide)

2.      Appreciate

1                      =  Less                        (laughs at friend who is replying is wrong)

2                      =  Medium       (just silent when their friend answer some question)

3                      = Good                        (pass an opinion from answer which have been laid open their friend)

D.     Key of Answer

No	Key of Answers	Score
		Right Answer	Wrong Answer	Didn’t Answer
1	Question : Simplify the exponential  65  63 ! Answer : 65  63 = 6 (5+3) = 68	2,5	0,5	0
2	Question : Simplify the exponential   ! Answer :     =	2,5	0,5	0
3.	Question : Simplify the exponential   28 ! Answer :  28 = 23  28 = 2(3+8) = 211	2,5	0,5	0
4.	Question : Simplify the exponential   27 ! Answer :  27 = 32  33 = 3(2+3) = 35	2,5	0,5	0

                                                                                                          Yogyakarta,     April 2012

      

Supervising Teacher Subject Mathematics                                                                   Student

                                                                                                                                  Yustia Rahmawati

            NIP                                                                                                  NIM : 09301244005